Scoliosis: what it is, causes, symptoms and treatments

Scoliosis can go unnoticed for years, but its progression can seriously affect posture, cause pain and, in severe cases, compromise respiratory function. Recognising the early signs, understanding the different types and knowing the treatment options is essential for effective intervention. In this article, we explain everything you need to know about scoliosis.

What is scoliosis?

Scoliosis is a structural deviation of the spine, in which the spine no longer appears straight when viewed from the front or back. Instead, it forms an abnormal S- or C-shaped curve. This curvature can occur in different segments of the spine — thoracic, lumbar or both — and vary in intensity, from mild forms to serious deformities.

A curve of less than 10 degrees is usually considered a normal variation. Above this figure, the condition can be classified as mild, moderate or severe scoliosis, depending on the degree of the curvature and functional impact.

What are the principal causes?

The causes of scoliosis vary according to the type of condition. We identify below the principal factors that can lead to the development of spinal curvature.

Genetic factors

A family history of scoliosis may indicate a genetic predisposition, especially in cases of idiopathic scoliosis.

Neuromuscular diseases

Conditions like multiple sclerosis or muscular dystrophy affect muscle tone and spinal alignment, leading to curvature.

Spinal cord injuries

What does treatment involve?

The treatment for scoliosis depends on the patient’s age, type of curvature and severity. The approaches can be conservative or surgical, and are always defined case by case, based on well-established clinical criteria.

Routine monitoring

Indicated for mild scoliosis (less than 20 degrees) and without signs of progression. In these cases, regular monitoring is carried out through medical appointments, physical exams and follow-up X-rays every 6 to 12 months.

Physiotherapy and therapeutic exercise

Corrective exercises, such as the Schroth method, are essential to improve posture, correct asymmetries, strengthen the muscles that support the spine and optimise respiratory function.

Back brace

Recommended for growing adolescents with curvatures between 20 and 40 degrees. The back brace (orthosis) does not reverse scoliosis, but it may prevent the curvature from progressing. The brace’s effectiveness depends on the degree of scoliosis, type of curvature and number of hours of daily use. Back braces should be worn according to medical instructions.

Corrective surgery

Recommended for curvatures above 45 -50 degrees, especially if they cause pain, pronounced deformity or functional impairment. This procedure involves fusing the vertebrae using metal implants, in order to correct and stabilise the spine. The type of surgery and recovery plan are defined for each individual.

Pain management

Includes painkillers, anti-inflammatories, therapeutic massages, heat therapy and postural rehabilitation techniques. These approaches are especially useful in adults with degenerative scoliosis and associated muscular symptoms.

How to prevent scoliosis?

Although in most cases it is not possible to prevent scoliosis, certain habits can help detect the condition earlier and avoid complications.